We developed a novel method for imaging the effect of ketone bodies on the human brain. Using a series of neuroimaging techniques, including fMRI at various teslas and MR spectroscopy, and subsequent analyses on the data derived from these scans, we are able to image and quantify the action of ketones in the brain.

Ketones (beta-hydroxybutyrate) increase Gibbs free energy by ~27% as compared to calorie-matched glucose. Here, using 7T fMRI, we investigate the impact of increased energy on the brain, even in younger adults.

We applied machine learning to a sample size of 19,831 individuals (UK Biobank), to determine how 4926 variables—ranging from lifestyle choices to chronic disease to socio-economic status—affect the brain.

We conducted a meta-analysis and follow-up validation with UK Biobank data to evaluate the impact of Type 2 Diabetes on the brain and cognition.